If you’re considering becoming an Australian citizen, congratulations! This is an exciting step, but it often comes with a lot of questions. Gaining Australian citizenship is a milestone that marks your full membership in the community—including new rights, responsibilities, and a deeper connection to your new home.
At Remitly, we know the path to citizenship can sometimes feel complex. That’s why we’ve created this guide to help you navigate the main requirements and steps with clarity and confidence.
What are the pathways to Australian citizenship?
There isn’t just one way to become an Australian citizen. Different routes suit different circumstances, but there are three main pathways.
Citizenship by conferral
Sometimes called naturalisation, citizenship by conferral is the route most migrants take. If you hold permanent residency, meet the good character criteria, and pass the citizenship test, you can apply to be conferred citizenship.
Citizenship by descent
If you were born overseas and one or both of your parents was an Australian citizen at the time of your birth, you may be eligible for citizenship by descent.
Citizenship by birth
If you were born in Australia to Australian citizens or permanent residents, you may automatically acquire Australian citizenship. There are specific rules for children born after certain dates, or whose parents were not citizens or permanent residents of the country.
While all pathways are valid, most people will be pursuing citizenship by conferral, so that’s the focus of the rest of this guide.
Eligibility for citizenship by conferral
Before applying, it’s important to verify that you meet the main requirements. Here are the key criteria to qualify for citizenship by conferral.
Permanent residency
Applicants generally need to hold a permanent residency visa or, in some cases, qualify as an eligible New Zealand citizen under certain visa rules.
You’ll typically need to have lived in Australia for at least four years before applying for citizenship.
- Over those four years, you must have spent at least 36 months in Australia, with no more than 12 months abroad in total.
- In the final year, you must be a permanent resident and have spent most of that time in Australia.
Use the official Residence Calculator to confirm that you meet the threshold.
If your work involves frequent travel that takes you abroad for more than 12 months in a four-year period, there may be exceptions or special residency provisions. In that case, it’s best to consult an immigration professional.
Character requirement
If you are 18 or older, you will need to demonstrate good character. This usually means passing police checks in Australia and in any country where you’ve lived for extended periods.
The Department of Home Affairs may also consider your honesty in previous visa processes, associations, or any pending legal matters.
Knowledge of Australia: The citizenship test
Most applicants will need to pass the citizenship test, which checks knowledge of Australia’s values, history, government, and symbols.
To pass, you’ll need to get 75% of all questions correct, as well as all values-based queries.
Language requirement
The test is in English, so a basic level of English proficiency is required. Officials will assess your ability during the test or at an interview.
If you hold a passport from the UK, the US, Canada, New Zealand, or Ireland, that may be enough proof of your English language ability.
Do you intend to reside in Australia?
You’ll need to show that you plan to live in Australia for extended periods. Alternatively, if you’re living overseas, you may be asked to prove that you’ll maintain a close and continuing connection to the country.
In most cases, you must be in Australia when the Home Affairs makes its decision. If you meet these conditions, you’re well-positioned to apply.
4 steps to apply for Australian citizenship
Applying for Australian citizenship typically follows a four-step process, though specific cases may require additional documentation. It’s a good idea to refer to the official checklist before submitting your application.
Step 1: Check your eligibility
Before starting, use the Department of Home Affairs’ eligibility checker to confirm you meet all criteria. This helps you avoid unnecessary delays or fees.
If you’re close but not fully eligible, consider waiting a bit longer or seeking advice from a migration expert.
Step 2: Gather your documents
Missing or incorrect documents can often cause delays or refusals. Here’s a list of the documents you’ll typically need for the process:
- Birth certificate, or something similar, showing proof of your name, date of birth, and any name changes (marriage or divorce certificates, official change of name records).
- A valid passport.
- An additional form of identification, such as a driver’s licence, national ID card, or an ImmiCard.
- A passport-style photo
- Proof of address, such as a utility bill, bank statement, lease, or rental agreement.
- Evidence of your time in Australia, such as employment, tenancy, or school records
- Proof of permanent residency, such as your visa grant letter or similar documentation proving you’re a permanent resident.
- Police check to prove good character. For applicants 16 and over, the Department of Home Affairs may conduct a Nationally Coordinated Criminal History Check (NCCHC) on your behalf.
- Overseas police certificates if you’ve lived abroad for 90 days or more since becoming a permanent resident of Australia.
- Certified translations of non-English documents.
Additional supporting materials, such as travel history, legal documents, or documents proving exceptions—such as for work requiring international travel—may also be required.
If you are applying with children, their birth certificates, identity documents, proof of residency, and parental consent forms are also needed.
Always review the official checklist on the Department of Home Affairs website to confirm what applies to your situation.
Step 3: Complete the online application
Create an ImmiAccount, the official portal for citizenship and immigration applications in Australia.
Fill out the online form carefully and upload your supporting documents. Be as precise and consistent as possible since mistakes or missing details can delay processing.
Home Affairs may request additional information, so keep checking your account regularly for updates.
Step 4: Pay the fee and submit
Once you complete your application, pay the fee of $575 AUD (for adults) and submit it. Some applicants may qualify for concessions or fee exemptions, such as children applying through a parent.
After payment, you’ll receive a confirmation notice, and then the waiting period begins. This part can feel like the hardest step, but your patience will pay off once your approval arrives.
What to expect after you apply
Once your application is lodged, the following steps generally occur. The timing can vary, but this gives you a roadmap of what to expect.
The citizenship test and interview
Most adult applicants will be invited to an appointment for the test and an interview. Here’s what to expect:
- The test is computer-based, consisting of 20 multiple-choice questions.
- You have 45 minutes to complete it.
- You must answer at least 75% correctly and get all five of the Australian values questions right.
- Questions are based on the official booklet Australian Citizenship: Our Common Bond.
- The officer may also conduct a brief interview to confirm your identity and ensure you understand citizenship rights and responsibilities.
Some applicants, such as those aged 60 and above or individuals with certain disabilities, may be exempt from the test, but still need to attend an interview.
Receiving a decision
After completing the test and interview, Home Affairs reviews your documents, checks, and results. You’ll receive a decision notification via your ImmiAccount, email, or mail. Processing times usually run from six to ten months.
If approved, you’ll be invited to a citizenship ceremony. If refused, the letter will explain the reasons and any rights of review or appeal.
Common reasons for citizenship refusals
While most applications are approved, some experience delays or refusals due to missing information or incomplete documentation. Common reasons include:
- Not meeting the residence or character requirements
- Providing inconsistent details on the application
- Missing supporting documents or unverified identity information
- Outstanding travel history checks or pending police clearances
To avoid setbacks, double-check every form, upload only clear documents, and keep your contact details up to date in your ImmiAccount. If you receive a request for more information, respond promptly. Preparation and attention to detail can make the process smoother and faster.
The citizenship ceremony
This is the final and most meaningful step: the celebration where you officially become an Australian citizen by conferral.
Ceremonies usually take place within three to six months of approval, depending on your local council’s schedule. You’ll make the Australian Citizenship Pledge during the ceremony and receive your citizenship certificate. Congratulations!
Benefits of becoming an Australian citizen
As a citizen, you gain access to a range of rights, protections, and opportunities that help you build a secure future in Australia.
You’ll have the right to vote in local, state, and federal elections, shaping the future of your community and country. You can also apply for an Australian passport, which allows visa-free or visa-on-arrival travel to many countries worldwide.
Citizenship also brings peace of mind. You’ll no longer need to renew a visa or worry about maintaining permanent residency status. Plus, any children born in Australia will automatically become citizens, making life simpler for you and your family.
Most importantly, you’ll gain a sense of belonging and recognition. Whether it’s standing among others at your citizenship ceremony or contributing to your local community, citizenship marks a lasting connection to Australia, a place you can proudly call home.
Your journey to becoming an Australian
By now, you should be able to see the citizenship roadmap clearly: check your eligibility, gather your documents, complete your application, take the test, and attend your ceremony. While there are multiple steps, most of which require preparation and patience, the process is ultimately manageable and rewarding.
Becoming an Australian citizen means belonging—having the right to vote, hold a passport, and contribute fully to your community’s future. It’s a proud and meaningful milestone.
FAQs
How do I become an Australian citizen by conferral?
You’ll need to be a permanent resident, meet the residence and character requirements, pass the citizenship test, and apply online through ImmiAccount. Once approved, you’ll attend a citizenship ceremony to make your pledge.
How long does the Australian citizenship application take?
Processing times vary, but most citizenship by conferral applications are processed within 10–11 months. The citizenship ceremony typically follows within a few months after approval, depending on your local council.
What is the Australian citizenship test like?
It’s a 20-question multiple-choice test. You’ll need to score at least 75% and correctly answer all five value-based questions. The test is in English and covers Australia’s history, government, and symbols.
Can I still apply if I’ve travelled overseas frequently?
Possibly, though you’ll need to ensure your total time abroad doesn’t exceed 12 months in the past four years and no more than 90 days in the final year. If your job requires frequent travel, check for exceptions or seek professional advice.
Am I exempt from the citizenship test?
You may be exempt if you’re 60 years or older or have a permanent condition that prevents you from taking the test.
What happens if my application is refused?
If refused, your decision letter will explain the reasons and outline your rights to review or appeal the matter. Consider seeking legal or migration advice before challenging a decision.
Can I hold dual citizenship as an Australian?
Yes. Australia allows dual or multiple citizenship. However, not all countries do—so check the rules of your other country before applying for or keeping both. Having dual citizenship can provide various benefits, such as the ability to reside and work in multiple countries without the need for a visa. Additionally, dual citizenship advantages in Australia include access to local healthcare and education systems for citizens, as well as the right to vote in Australian elections. It’s essential to weigh these benefits against the legal obligations and responsibilities that come with holding multiple citizenships.
Will I lose my Australian citizenship if I acquire another?
No. You generally won’t lose Australian citizenship when gaining another nationality. However, you can choose to renounce it, and some countries don’t allow dual citizenship.