Fish and chips: a dish that’s as British as the Queen herself. It’s a simple meal, yet it holds a special place in the hearts of many across the United Kingdom. That said, is it truly England’s national dish? Get the real story (plus a great recipe) in this guide.
Our team at Remitly created this guide as part of our series that celebrates the traditional dishes of our global customers.
The History of Fish and Chips
The origins of fish and chips are somewhat murky. Some say it was introduced by Jewish immigrants from Spain and Portugal in the 17th century. Others believe it was born out of industrialization in the 19th century, when trawl fishing became popular in the North Sea.
Regardless of its beginnings, fish and chips quickly became a staple for working-class Brits.
By 1910, there were over 25,000 fish and chip shops across the UK, from London to Dover. Today, this beloved dish continues to be an integral part of British culture.
Traditional Ingredients
A traditional fish and chips dish is straightforward—cod or haddock paired with thick-cut fries known as “chips”. The fish is coated in batter made from flour, water or beer, baking powder, salt, pepper then deep-fried until golden brown.
Chips are cut thicker than their American counterparts to ensure they remain fluffy on the inside while crispy on the outside after frying. Often served alongside is mushy peas—a classic side made from dried marrowfat peas soaked overnight then boiled with sugar and salt until soft.
The Cooking Process
Preparing fish and chips involves two main steps—frying the chips then frying the battered fish. First off are potatoes peeled then cut into thick slices before being fried twice for that perfect crisp exterior yet fluffy interior.
Next comes preparing your chosen whitefish—usually cod or haddock—in batter before deep-frying until golden brown. Timing is crucial here; overcooking can result in dry fish while undercooking leaves an unappetizing soggy batter.
Classic English Fish and Chips Recipe
Cooking fish and chips at home can be a fun culinary adventure. Here’s a simple recipe you can follow.
Ingredients:
- 4 large potatoes
- 2 fillets of cod or haddock
- 1 cup flour
- 1 cup beer (or water)
- 1 teaspoon baking powder
- Salt and pepper to taste
- Vegetable oil for frying
For the mushy peas:
- 1 cup dried marrowfat peas
- Sugar and salt to taste
Instructions:
- Start by preparing the mushy peas. Soak the dried marrowfat peas overnight, then boil with sugar and salt until soft. Set aside.
- Peel the potatoes and cut into thick slices.
- Heat your oil in a deep fryer or large pot to about 180°C (350°F).
- Fry the potato slices until golden brown, then drain on paper towels.
- In a bowl, mix together flour, beer (or water), baking powder, salt, and pepper to create your batter.
- Dip each fish fillet into the batter ensuring it’s fully coated.
- Fry each battered fish fillet in the hot oil until golden brown—about five minutes per side.
- Drain on paper towels then season with additional salt if desired.
- Serve your homemade fish and chips with mushy peas on the side.
Variations Across the UK
While fish and chips are universally loved across the UK, regional variations do exist. In Scotland, for instance, you might find your fish coated in a thinner, crispier batter. Some places even offer deep-fried pizza or Mars bars as an alternative to fish.
In Northern Ireland, it’s common to serve fish and chips with a side of pastie—a round patty made from pork sausage meat, onions, potatoes and spices then battered and deep-fried.
Health Aspects
Fish and chips may not be the healthiest meal choice, but it does have some nutritional benefits. The whitefish used is a good source of lean protein, while potatoes provide essential vitamins and minerals.
However, due to its high fat content—thanks largely to the frying process—it’s best enjoyed in moderation. Opting for grilled fish instead of fried can make it healthier without sacrificing too much on taste.
Impact on the British Economy
Fish and chip shops play a significant role in the British economy. They are important small businesses, contributing towards job creation within local communities.
Moreover, they also support other sectors such as agriculture (potatoes), fishing (cod/haddock), and manufacturing (cooking oil, packaging). Despite the rise of fast-food chains, fish and chip shops remain a resilient part of the UK’s food industry.
Did you know that during World War II, fish and chips were one of the few foods not rationed in Britain? Or that there are more than 10,500 fish and chip shops across the UK—outnumbering McDonald’s outlets?
What Is the True British National Dish?
It’s hard to say. Fish and chips might be considered an unofficial national dish of England—though Yorkshire pudding and chicken tikka masala are also on the list. In fact, the former Foreign Secretary Robin Cook once declared chicken tikka masala as the new British national dish, highlighting the significant influence of the Indian subcontinent on British food.
Here’s more about British cuisine, from curry to chips.
Traditional British Dishes:
1. Sunday Roast: This meal typically consists of roasted meat (like roast beef), roast potatoes, Yorkshire pudding, vegetables, and gravy. It’s a time-honored tradition and a staple of British cuisine.
2. Bangers and Mash: Essentially sausages (bangers) served with mashed potatoes, often accompanied by onion gravy or fried onions.
3. Full English Breakfast: A hearty breakfast consisting of eggs, sausages, bacon, baked beans, mushrooms, black pudding, tomatoes, and toast or fried bread.
4. Shepherd’s Pie: A pie made with minced lamb (or beef, which would technically be a Cottage Pie) and vegetables, topped with a layer of mashed potatoes.
5. Yorkshire Pudding: A traditional side dish made from a batter and usually served with roast beef and gravy.
6. Haggis: A Scottish delicacy made of sheep’s offal mixed with oatmeal and spices, traditionally encased in the animal’s stomach.
7. Black Pudding: A type of blood sausage made from pork blood, with oatmeal or barley.
8. Welsh Rarebit. Comfort food from Wales, the country adjacent to England that also forms part of the UK.
British Food & Indian Influences:
1. Chicken Tikka Masala: Chicken tikka masala is a prime example of how British cuisine has been influenced by the culinary traditions of India.This creamy tomato-based curry has its origins in Punjabi cuisine but has been adapted and popularized in the UK’s Indian restaurants.
2. Curry Houses: In the 20th century, many Bangladeshi, Pakistani, and Indian immigrants opened curry houses in Britain. They catered both to the tastes of the immigrant community and the British public, often adapting dishes to better suit the British palate.
3. Shish Mahal: Located in Glasgow, Scotland, this restaurant claims to be the birthplace of chicken tikka masala, having created it to cater to the tastes of a British customer.
In essence, British cuisine is a fusion of traditional meals and external influences, creating a diverse culinary landscape that’s reflective of its multicultural society.
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