The British education system can seem confusing for international families and students considering studying in the UK. With its mix of schools, unique terms, and qualification levels, it works quite differently from education systems in other countries.
Understanding the education system and how exams connect to future studies can feel overwhelming. But learning how the system is structured is key to making informed decisions about education pathways in the UK. That’s why we’ve created this guide at Remitly to break down the British education system.
We’ll cover each stage, from early years and primary school to secondary education and university. You’ll learn the key qualifications and how to navigate your options with confidence.
The stages of the British education system
The British education system divides schooling into the following five stages:
- Early years (ages 3 to 5) – nursery and reception
- Primary education (ages 5 to 11) – key stages 1 and 2
- Secondary education (ages 11 to 16) – key stages 3 and 4, including GCSEs
- Further education (ages 16 to 18) – A levels or vocational courses
- Higher education (ages 18+) – university or apprenticeships
Early years and primary education
In the UK, children under five years old learn under the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS). This framework sets the standards for learning, development, and care in nurseries, preschools, childminders, and reception classes.
EYFS helps children develop essential skills in communication, language, physical development, early literacy, and social growth. By the end of reception (around age five), teachers complete an EYFS profile to check each child’s progress and whether they’ve met the early learning goals.
Primary structure
After EYFS, children move into primary school, split into key stages 1 and 2. Key stage one includes school years 1 and 2 (ages 5 to 7), while key stage 2 is years 3 to 6 (7 to 11).
In year 1, children take a phonics screening check to assess their ability to read and recognise words. In year 2, pupils may take optional tests in English reading, grammar, punctuation, spelling, and maths. Teachers also track progress in maths, English, and science throughout the year.
Throughout key stage 2, teachers track writing and science progress to make sure children meet learning expectations. At the end of year 6, pupils take national curriculum tests (SATs) in English reading, grammar, punctuation, spelling, and maths.
Curriculum focus and assessment methods
The National Curriculum lays out the subjects all state-funded primary schools teach, from English, maths, and science to history, geography, and art. Teachers keep track of progress through observations, quizzes, classwork, and ongoing assignments. They use the results to identify strengths and pinpoint areas where pupils may need extra support.
Secondary education
A different school generally delivers secondary education after a child’s primary education. Secondary schools teach key stages 3 and 4.
Key stage 3 covers school years 7 to 9 (ages 11 to 14). At this stage, pupils move from primary to secondary school and study a range of subjects. This includes English, maths, science, history, geography, modern languages, design and technology, art and design, music, and computing. They also cover citizenship, religious education, relationships and health education, and sex education. There are no national exams at this stage.
Years 10 to 11 (ages 14 to 16) belong to key stage 4. At the end of this stage, most students take General Certificates of Secondary Education (GCSEs). These are subject-based exams in core subjects like English, maths, and science, and optional choices, such as humanities, arts, and languages. Students generally take 9-10 GCSEs, including core subjects and optional choices.
In England, GCSEs are graded on a 9-1 scale, with nine as the highest and one as the lowest, replacing the old A*–G system. Schools in Wales and Northern Ireland use different grading scales.
Students can choose vocational alternatives to GCSEs, such as Business and Technology Education Council (BTECs) and OCR Nationals. These alternatives focus on practical, hands-on learning through coursework, projects, and exams. They’re widely recognised and can open doors to further education, apprenticeships, or employment after school.
Post-16 education options
After GCSEs, students aged 16+ can follow three main paths:
- Stay in school: Many secondary schools offer a sixth form (years 12 to 13) where students can take further academic or mixed programmes.
- Attend college: Colleges provide a wider choice of academic, technical, or vocational courses in a new environment.
- Start an apprenticeship or traineeship: Earn while you learn with work-based training.
These pathways help students build skills that match their strengths, interests, and career goals.
A-level qualifications
A levels are usually studied over two years (years 12 to 13) and students can choose between 3 to 4 subjects from a choice of about 80. These include English literature, law, philosophy, and psychology, and options like history and chemistry. The exact options will depend on what the school or college offers.
A levels are fully linear, meaning final exams take place at the end of the course rather than in modules. Grades are awarded on an A*-E scale. The 9-1 scale is unique to GCSEs.
Some schools and colleges offer AS levels, which are completed over one year and cover half the content compared to A levels.
Most UK universities set A-level grade requirements for courses such as AAB or ABB, or they may use a points-based model where each grade is equivalent to a number determined by UCAS, the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service. Some subjects, like Medicine, may require specific A levels such as Chemistry. Entry standards vary by university, so be sure to check their requirements before applying.
Alternative qualifications
Not every student takes the traditional A-level route. There are other respected paths to university or work, including the International Baccalaureate (IB).
The IB Diploma is a two-year global programme for students aged 16 to 19. It’s widely accepted in the English school system and earns Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS) points similar to A levels.
UCAS Tariff points
UCAS Tariff points turn different qualifications like A levels, IB, or BTECs, into a standard point system so universities can easily compare applicants. From September 2026, some level three apprenticeships will also count towards UCAS Tariff points.
Each grade carries a set number of points, and universities may make offers based on Tariff points, specific grades, or a mix of both. Some universities may look beyond points and focus on interviews, portfolios, or other entry criteria instead.
The difference between types of schools
Across the British education system, there are different types of schools. Each type comes with different entry requirements and educational experiences.
State schools are government-funded and follow the National Curriculum, so parents don’t pay tuition.
Academies are also state-funded but enjoy more independence, with flexibility over their curriculum, finances, and structure, yet they remain free to attend. They are run by academy trusts, rather than local authorities.
Independent or private schools charge fees, set their own curriculum, and aren’t bound by the National Curriculum.
Grammar schools are state-funded and follow the National Curriculum. These schools select their pupils based on academic ability, asking pupils to take a test in order to be accepted.
Higher education in the British system
Education in Britain offers many academic and research opportunities, from undergraduate degrees to advanced postgraduate study.
Undergraduate degrees (Bachelor’s degree)
Most Bachelor’s degrees in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland take three years full-time. In Scotland, similar degrees usually run for four years, especially Honours programmes.
Common types include Bachelor of Arts (BA), Bachelor of Science (BSc), and specialised options like Engineering (BEng), Medicine, or an integrated master’s degree such as MEng. Some courses offer a year abroad or a work placement (sandwich courses), which can extend study to four years.
In the UK, undergraduate degrees are classified as First Class, Upper Second (2:1), Lower Second (2:2), or Third Class Honours. These classifications are crucial for job applications and postgraduate studies.
Postgraduate options
Master’s degrees can be taught (MSc, MA) or research-based (MRes). Full-time master’s degrees usually take one year, while research or part-time programmes may last longer.
Doctoral study (PhD) typically runs three to four years full-time. It involves original research, supervised academics, and concludes with a thesis. Some universities also offer MPhil degrees, which are shorter research programmes that can sometimes lead to a PhD.
Tuition fees, student finance, and scholarships
Undergraduate programmes in England have a capped fee of £9,535 per year for home students, while international students usually pay more. Universities generally charge the maximum approved fee for home students.
For postgraduate study, tuition fees in the UK vary by university and course. Be sure to check university websites to understand the costs.
UK students can access Tuition Fee and Maintenance Loans. Repayments start after graduation and are income-based, with a set percentage charged on earnings above the loan threshold. Additional support may include bursaries, grants, Disabled Students Allowance, and childcare assistance.
Many universities offer scholarships for academic achievements, sports, and Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) subjects. External bodies, charities, and government schemes, like the Royal Society or Chevening, also provide funding.
International students have fewer options, but can apply for awards such as the Commonwealth scholarship or university-specific scholarships.
Unique aspects and teaching styles
Many UK degrees are split into modules, combining mandatory and optional subjects. Joint-honours degrees, where you split studies between two subjects, are also popular.
Some universities, especially Oxford and Cambridge, use tutorials or supervision. These involve small groups or one-to-one sessions to discuss essays or problems and give personalised feedback.
Generally, Bachelor’s degrees are awarded with Honours if the student achieves a certain class, recognising higher achievement through exams and coursework. Ordinary or pass degrees exist, but are less common, and are associated with lower merit.
Special considerations and support systems
Navigating the British education system can be tricky, especially for international families. Knowing what support is available can make the journey smoother.
Special Educational Needs and Disabilities (SEND) support
SEND support: Schools offer extra help for students with learning difficulties or disabilities. Each child gets the right support, which can include adjustments to teaching methods or additional resources.
Education, Health, and Care (EHC) plans: For children with more complex needs, an EHC plan may be put in place. This plan outlines the support needed across education, health, and social care. It’s reviewed regularly to ensure it meets the student’s evolving needs.
Support for international students
If you’re coming to the UK to study, you’ll need to demonstrate proficiency in English. Most degree programmes require at least CEFR level B2 (upper-intermediate English), though requirements can vary by institution and course.
You’ll also need a valid visa. The type you require depends on your age and course. For example, students aged 16 to 17 usually need a Child Student Visa, while those 18 and above can apply for a Student Visa.
School admissions and appeals
If your child doesn’t get a place at your preferred school, you can appeal with evidence. An independent panel will review the case to check if the school applied its admission rules correctly, and you’ll get a decision within five days.
If you want to move your child to a different school during the year, you can apply for an in-year transfer. If refused, you can also appeal through the same process as initial admissions.
Homeschooling regulations
Parents in the UK can choose to educate their children at home. You don’t have to follow the national curriculum, but the education has to be full-time and suitable for your child’s age, ability, and skills.
If you take your child out of school to teach them at home, you have to inform your local authority. They may make informal checks to ensure your child is receiving a proper education.
Understanding your options: Making the right choice
Choosing the right path in the UK education structure means considering each stage, from early years and primary school to GCSEs, A levels or other alternatives, and on to higher education. Knowing how each stage connects will help you make an informed decision about schools and subjects.
Do your research using official sources like government websites, school league tables, and application deadlines. Speak with school staff or education advisers, and visit schools if you can. This way, you can make choices that match your child’s strengths and future goals.
FAQs
At what age do children start school in the UK?
Children in the UK usually start school in the early years foundation stage at age three to four in nursery, and move to reception at age four to five. Compulsory education begins at age five.
Are GCSEs mandatory in the UK?
Yes, students usually take GCSEs at the end of key stage 4 (ages 14 to 16). You can also choose vocational alternatives like BTECs if you prefer practical pathways.
How do students apply to university in the UK?
Applications go through UCAS. Students submit one application with up to five course choices, including a personal statement, predicted grades, and references.
Can international students work while studying?
Yes, most on a tier four or student visa can work up to 20 hours a week during term time and full-time during holidays, depending on their course level.
What support is available for students with special education needs or disabilities (SEND)?
Schools provide SEND support through individual education plans, specialist teachers, classroom assistants, and external services. You can request assessments to ensure your child receives adequate and necessary support.